Nature conservation: Management plan for Padworth Common

genius conservation Management plan for Padworth CommonNature conservation Management plan for Padworth Common (Dartford Warbler).Over wholly Summary of heed planPolicy rumor and Background PreamblePadworth familiar nature keep back was previously owned by the west Berkshire county council. But in 2005 the land manamgement was acquired by the Buckinghamshire, and Oxford Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) in 2005 (Fort, 2013). The Main overall policy for this land is to promise these identifys continue to flourish both in terms of their signifi natest wildlife interest and for the more than topical anesthetic people who regularly use and enjoy them. This was a statement given by the west Berkshire executive member for the environment Councillor Hilary Cole (Fort, 2013).DescriptionPathworth common is located between Aldermaston and Burghfield Common ab divulge 9 miles outside the city of reading (Jeffery, 2004). The land is currently owned by The West Berkshire County Council, as said b efore it is now managed but BBOWT since 2005 (Jeffery, 2004). The land is 30ha of dissonant wet, run dry and humid lowland heath with small sections of oak timber, there is in addition a few large seasonal ponds and one that is permanently alter (Wallington, 2013). The Boundaries of Padworth common atomic issue 18 to the southwest a privately owned field that and a sand and gravel quarry. And to the north east and the boundaries ar defined by Old warren and Hatch farm. The western boundry is defined the small hamlet of Padworth Common.Management and infrastructureFor the management for a lowland heath area interchangeable padworth common, there needs to be a set of objectives crucial to the infrastructure of the scheme to manage the whole area and the all the individual features in it. The initiatory is a very generalised objective and covers as more of the features benefits in one finishing this is to encourage the restoration and health of lowland heath to take t he ecological value of Padworth heath (Westcombe, n.d.). The new(prenominal) three objectives are more constrained in the features that they benefit. The first is the have grazing at the site to reminder and manage the growth of the heath, This leave behind majorly benefit the ground nesting tinkers dams like the nightjar. The second plan is to have regulations and management for the public and the nightjar world to reduce disturbance, this is principally aimed and nightjars and nesting birds to minimise disturbance and help promote nest production (Westcombe, n.d.). Finally the 3rd management project is the control the spread and removing strands of bracken, this is to reduce competition with the topical anaesthetic heathland plants and improve the biodiversity of the plant life in the area. The legal constraints for this area is that Lowland heathland areas all over Britain are under the aegis of the wildlife and countryside coiffure of 1981 and is notified as SSSI (Westc ombe, n.d.).Compartments or zonesThe area of Padworth common is divided into 3 antithetic zones Open heathland, oak forest and seasonal/permanent pondsOpen heathland are open landscapes commonly dominated by heathers, greenweed and has a few s do itr birch tress spaced in the area. There are 3 different types of heath dependent on their soil moisture content wet heath occur on high water tables, dry heath is abundant in free draining soils. Heath is important for over 5000 inverteb grade that are crucial to the food chain of this ecosystem (Countryside Info, n.d.).Oak woodland is a bountiful leaf woodland highly occupied by English oak, sessile oak or hybrids between the two. The oak woodland is highly established woodland as a resource basis for building and fuel. The oak woodland is also a representation of the climax vegetation in the southwest of Britain where Padworth common is located (North Dervon governing body, n.d.).The seasonal pounds locoweed support a vital ecosyst em for many specialised pond species. This coupled with that a large number of rare species has been link with the seasonal pond which makes these one of the highest management aims of Padworth common (The Ponds Conservation Trust, n.d.).Enviromental informationThe physical aspects of the heath are that it is a mosaic of wet damp and dry habitats. The type of habitat is tack together on poor acidic soils in wet mild climates below 300m of altitude. Th biological features of this site are the many species that the heathland can accomidate from the greyling butterfly to the rare great crested newt (English Nature, 2002). This is due to the many niches available for the puppets to occupy the seasonal pounds are a liberal source of nuitrients and support many rare species. The open heath which is occupied by many ground nesting birds much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the nightjar. The gorse bushes are employ by the Dartford warbler to build nest and protect themselves from predation (English Nature, 2002). Culturally lowland heath has been an important part to human agriculture for thousands of years. The Mesolithic played a great part in the expansion of the lowland heath habitat by cutting down great swathes of the woodland landscape for building temporal and fuels. This mass cutting of woodland had impoverished the soil but this has and a positive effect on heather ground and promotes the growth of lowland heathland (English Nature, 2002). Up until the 20th century heathland has been used in a wide hurtle of agricultural processes such as fodder and fuel (English Nature, 2002). peckDescription of siteThe Padworth common nature reserve is split into two halfs divied by Bowughugrst Road. The heathland is located in the centre of distributively area while the Oakland is defines the boundaries of the nature reserve. The pounds are locates towards the south west corner of the southern half of the reserve.Conformation and evaluation of featuresPathworth has man y features and species that make this a site of National importance. Species such as the nightjar, the Dartford warbler and the Grayling butterflies (Wallington, 2013). Each of these will have a certain factors that can affect the species success and survival such as the lane that passes through the reserve, the seasonal ponds, and the growth of bracken.This plan tensiones on the Dartford warbler and the key features that effect these are gorse coverage and heathland health (RSPB, 2014). The management of this species is desperately mandatory due to the harsh winters that have been occurring recently and that there are only1-2 life pairs in pad worth (Defra, n.d.). for this species to thrive and stabilise and even ontogeny in population size drastic action is needed to preserve this native bird species.The Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata)Factors Effecting the Dartford warblerThere at many factors that affects the spawn success and survival rates of the Dartford warbler. The mai n 2 factors are the amount of gorse in an area, disturbance and Availability of food.Gorse has a huge effect on the Dartford warbler this is due to the warbler uses the gorse as nesting material. This is because the benefits it has as protection from predators by be a heavy dense shrub and makes its hard from predators to access (RSPB, 2012).Disturbance has been shown in recent mull to majorly effect warbler fecundity. A story has shown that if 13-16 people walk through a heathland area within an hour this can seriously disrupt the breeding patterns of birds and will prevent multiple broods of warblers (Murison, et al., 2007).Objectives for the featureThe objectives laid out for this management plan are in priority orderThe main objective for this animal is to maintain the already stable population in the management site of Padworth common.If at all possible our lowly objective is to even increase the number of breeding pairs in Padworth common from 2 breeding pairs to 4.The thi rds and least priority objective is that if we can get successful breeding pairs to Padworth we could then export the juveniles into new(prenominal) areas to increase the number of breeding pairs in other heathland habitats.Current condition of featureThe current condition of the Dartford warbler in Europe is that there are 2,025,546-3,635,791 breeding pairs. 75% of the breeding pairs are thought to be breeding in spain. The population is general stable in Europe (Defra, n.d.). There are certain areas of Spain where the Dartford warbler has been seen in a sustained decline since the 1970s. Fluctuations are not uncommon in this bird (Defra, n.d.).The current condition of the bird inter depicted objectly is show up threatened according to the IUCN red list. (IUCN, 2012)Nationally this bird has been awarded an amber status under the RSPB classification system (RSPB, 2014). The main population of the warbler are in the south and south west of Britain, with a small population in the s outh east of Britain (RSPB, 2014). The last estimated minimum of breeding pairs in the UK is 1,600-1,890 (Defra, n.d.).Monitoring projectsTo monitor the bird populations there are two ways in which this can be doneThe first is to let the public and volunteers are able to monitor the birds this can be accomplished through education and a growing interest in the local bird populations. The main disadvantage to this method is that this may increase disturbance of the birds.Key sites can be pinpointed which can be monitored by the park wardens and wildlife trust employees this will reduce the amount of disturbance to the breeding birds and still achieve rewarding results. The only flaw with this method is if the bird numbers become higher it may be hard to identify all the birds.Management projectsThese are the four management project that will be used to help increase and stabilise the population of the Dartford warbler.Introducing grazing, this is active grazing of ancestry on the he athland areas to stop the overgrowth of a particular plant species.Coppicing, this is the cutting of the old parts of gorse to promote new regrowth promoting healthier and denser shrubs. corner felling, this is done by hand (chainsaw) and the roots dug up to stop the regrowth of the trees. The logs will then be burnt or sold to companies.Bracken removal, this can be done by spraying herbicide on the infected areas thus eradicating of the plant. This is typically done in the summer months due to the plant being at maximum growth.A timetable showing the priority and timescale of projectsJustification of projectThe Justification of these methods is as followsIntroduced grazing, this helps promote and uneven ages (mosaic) of the heathland. This maximises the biodiversity of the area due to many species requiring different ages of bracken to survive. This is warning for the Dartford warbler for its food supply of invertebrates which need the heather for their survival (Hampshire County Council, 2011).Coppicing, this promoted regrowth of the older gorse. Typically the Dartford warbler prefers younger gorse, this is because it is much denser and provide more camouflage and protection of the nest site from predators. Therefore the coppicing of older dead parts of the plant promotes these parts to grow back into thick Bracken which the Dartford warbler needs for nesting (Hampshire County Council, 2011).Tree felling, the felling of trees such as birch helps the regrowth of the open heathland which is advantageous to many species such as the Dartford warbler. The warbler needs these open spaces of heath to be able to catch the invertebrates and play (Hampshire County Council, 2011).Bracken removal, this is crucial in the survival of any woodland. The dense mate cause by this plant will shade out any other plants. So in vast numbers this is very detrimental to the whole heathland ecosystem. With control and management this increases the biodiversity of the area allowing other plant life to thrive (Hampshire County Council, 2011).Works CitedBerkshire Heathland, 1998. Berkshire Heathland Biodiversity Action Plan, s.l. s.n.Countryside Info, n.d. What Is Heathland?. Online Available at http//www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/whatis.htm Accessed 10 3 2014.English Nature, 2002. Lowland Heathland A Cultural And Endangerd Landscape, Peterborough English Nature.Fort, L., 2013. brook Reading. Online Available at http//www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/wildlife-trust-set-run-west-4189279 Accessed 10 3 2014.IUCN, 2012. IUCN redlist (Dartford Warbler). Online Available at http//www.iucnredlist.org/details/22716984/0 Accessed 10 3 2014.Jeffery, O., 2004. Padworth Common Proposed Local Nature Reserve. s.l., s.n.Murison, G. et al., 2007. home ground type determines the effects of disturbance on the breeding productivity of the dartford warbler Sylvia undata. Ibis, Volume 149, pp. 16-26.North Dervon Government, n.d. Oak Woodland. Online Available at http//www.northde von.gov.uk/oak_woodland.pdf Accessed 10 3 2014.RSPB, 2012. RSPB (Gorse). Online Available at http//www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/advice/gorse/index.aspx Accessed 10 3 2014.RSPB, 2014. RSPB (Dartford Warbler). Online Available at http//www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/d/dartfordwarbler/ Accessed 10 3 2014.The Ponds Conservation Trust, n.d. honorable Wilflife Ponds. Online Available at http//www.sussexotters.org/pdf/Good wildlife ponds.pdf Accessed 10 3 2014.Wallington, A., 2013. Natural England. Online Accessed 10 3 2014.Westcombe, n.d. Management Of Environmental Features Specific Options, Prescriptions And Indicators Of Success, s.l. s.n. millennium ontogenesis Goals and mendicancy Reduction NigeriaMillennium phylogeny Goals and scantiness Reduction NigeriaIntroductionBackground to the StudyThis translate attempt to examine the impact of the Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria using with a case study of Ado-Odo Ota, local government area , Ogun state, Nigeria. The issue of meagerness in Nigeria has remained a major threat to the nations social, political and economic development. both nation whether it is developed or less developed country contains elements that are poor. Nigeria has a population of more than 160 million the largest in Africa and a invasive economy. Despite Nigerias plentiful agricultural resources and oil wealth, penury is widespread in the country and has increased since the late 1990s. Some 70 per cent of Nigerians live on less than US$1.25 a daylight. Poverty has become a feature of the alert conditions and life situation of the vast majority of Nigerians. consort to Babatunde et al (2008), Poverty has been experienceed to be a global phenomenon but the level of this dilemma in development countries has gotten to an terroring proportion. Internationally, about 1.2 billion people are living in extreme poverty less than one dollar per day and thusly due to the high predominance of pover ty, reducing it has been of grave concern to many countries in the past few decades. Though, there have been a lot of improvements in the developed military man, such cannot be said of develop ones especially in the Sub-Sahara Africa where poverty is prevalent due to many factors such as corruption, mismanagement of resources, poor programme implementation, poor governance and political instability, poor economic management and lack of purposive leadership.According to Ukpong (1996), (cited in Obadan, 1996) explained that poverty has earned identification in the extent of its ravaging society and the affairs of humanity at the international, national and local levels. The need exists now for urgent actions towards its lessening and control. Therefore, poverty is a snare and it is dehumanizing. In other words, judging from what Ukpong explained poverty to be, it will be ideal if poverty can be eradicated.According to Anyanwu (1997), Poverty has become a major cause of concern to a cademic, analysts, governmental, non-governmental organizations and international agencies. Poverty is multidimensional it includes various alienations and deprivations such as lack of human capabilities, poor life expectancy, poor maternal health, illiteracy, poor nutritional levels, poor access to safe drinking water and perceptions of public assistance However, the (World Bank Report, 1999), has described that issues in Poverty now include physiological and social deprivations, vulnerability, inequality, violation of basic human rights. (Zupi, 2007), also added that the observable disadvantage in relation to the local community or the wider society or nation to which a deprived individual, family, household or group belongs is an issue in poverty.In an attempt to salvage the situation, in September 2000, 189 World leaders millennium summit and committed themselves and their countries to 8 goals known as The Millennium Development goals (MDGs) aimed at meeting the needs of the Wo rlds poorest people. The Millennium Development goals have been regarded as the universal remedy of issues of underdevelopment. These goals were created under the leadership of Ban Ki-Moon (the Secretary prevalent of the unite Nations) through the UN to tackle issues seen to be holding back developing nations. It was adopted by 189 countries and signed by 174 heads of state and government. (UNDP, 2005)Ban Ki-Moon (2009), laid more emphasis on this in his report entitled, A road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. In the words of Ban Ki-Moon,The world leaders set far sighted goals to free a major portion of humanity from the shackles of extreme poverty, hunger, illiteracy and disease. They established targets for achieving gender equality and the say-so of women, environmental stability and a global partnership for development. In short, they adopted a blue print for a emend world and pledged to shipshape no effort in fulfilling that visi on (Ki-Moon, 2009).The MDGs are listed plans by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) committee on how the underdeveloped or developing countries can enhance their level of development in different socio-economic areas.The MDGs areGoal 1- Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerGoal 2- call forth gender equality and empower womenGoal 3- Achieve a Universal primary educationGoal 4- Reduce child mortalityGoal 5-Improve maternal(p) HealthGoal 6-Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseasesGoal 7-Ensure environmental stabilityGoal 8- Develop a global partnershipThe first goal of the United Nations Millennium development Goals is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger with Target 1 being to halve, between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 per day and Target 2 being to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Sachs, 200572)Since, poverty as the number 1 goal of the MDGs shows an alarm in both national and the gl obal world. According to Yinka (2003), the UN Development Programme Human development report scored the Nigerian government low on its efforts to beset poverty and pursue meaningful growth in the human development index. The report states Nigeria is among fifty countries with the lowest human development index and the 54th among 94 other developing countries where human income poverty level remains the highest.Odeyale (2005) explained that in Nigeria, about 36% or 44.3 million of the measure 160 million populations are found in the major cities. The rapid growth of the Nigerians cities is characterized by ever increasing population (due to rural urban migration) over stressed infrastructure (such as flea-bitten roads, frequent power outage, poor water supply), sub-standard living condition (in ghettos, slum and over-crowded houses), high crime rate. Put differently, it can be described that the growth of population in Nigeria is always on the increase and the availability of defa ulted infrastructures and low standard of living which in turn lead to low crime rate. To this end, this study becomes essential so as to access the impact of millennium development goals to poverty reduction in Nigeria.Statement of the Problem Different scholars have argued about the doing of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 particularly in Nigeria. While virtually scholars have argued that it can be achieved before the set target date of 2015, some have argued against the possibility of its doing.The Millennium Development Goals were goals structured and formulated by the United Nations in the year 2000 to help bridge the gap between the worldwide North and the Global South. These goals thus far, were supposed to be of a positive influence to the less developed countries especially in the area of eradicating poverty.However, it has been observed that some of the developing countries are still lagging behind especially in the area of poverty reduction Nigeria has been observed to be a country of plenty nonetheless is still beset with the problem of poverty. What therefore can be said of other underdeveloped countries in Africa?The United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon is of the discover that the Millennium Development Goals embody basic human rights such as the right of each person to health, education, shelter and security. The Goals are ambitious but feasible and jointly with the comprehensive United Nation development agenda set the course for the worlds effort to alleviate poverty by 2015. According to Ban Ki-Moon (2009), the Millennium Development Goals would bring about a change and to a large extent, a real difference in the lives of people. With strong lead and accountability this progress can be expanded in most of the worlds countries by the target date of 2015.However, some scholars are not in agreement to the view of Ki-Moon that the MDGs would bring about a change in the lives of people. According to Deneulin and Shahani (2009) argued that the Millennium Development Goals lack a focus on local participation and empowerment (Excluding women empowerment). The Millennium Development Goals also lack an emphasis on sustainability, making their future after 2015 questionable. Thus, while the MDGs are a tool for tracking progress toward basic poverty reduction and provide a very basic policy road map to achieving these goals, they however do not capture all the elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration.The inability to reach a valid mop up as to the actualization of the Millennium goals by 2015 has resulted to the Millennium development Goals remaining a problem.Therefore the essence of the Millennium Development Goals comes into play in the setting of Nigeria in the sense over 53.6% million Nigerians which is nearly 45% of the total population go to bed hungry every night, around 70% of the total 160 million citizens live below the globally acceptable survival line of $ 1 Dollar which is equivalent to 160naira per day. Also, over 5million of our youths are not employed, therefore Nigeria according to the National Poverty Eradication Programme (2003) is quoted to be among the poorest country in the world.Therefore, this study seeks to examine the progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria, how far the Nigerian government have gone for the realization of these goals, and how the Nigerian Government and the society at large intend on making the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria, a reality by 2015.Research QuestionsThe investigate seeks to answer the following questionsWhat is the impact of Millennium Development Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria?Can it be agreed upon that Extreme Poverty and Hunger in the Nigerian state would minimized by 2015?What can be done for Millennium Development Goals to influence the Poverty reduction in Nigeria?Objectives of the StudyTo examine the impact of Millennium Dev elopment Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria.To evaluate if the extreme poverty and hunger rate in Nigeria can be minimized by 2015.To examine the role of Millennium Development Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria.Research HypothesesThe Hypothesis to be used for this study would be drawn from the objective of this study. There areH0 Millennium Development Goals has not impacted in poverty in Nigeria.H1 Millennium Development Goals has impacted in poverty in NigeriaH0 The extreme hunger and poverty in the Nigerian state cannot be minimized by 2015.H2. The extreme hunger and poverty in the Nigerian state can be by 2015.H0 Millennium development goals has not influenced Poverty reduction in NigeriaH3 Millennium development goals has influenced Poverty reduction in NigeriaSignificance of the StudyOver the years, this study has been examined by various scholars. The study of the Millennium Development Goals has remained of great importance as it addresses issues on development which Nigeria needs at this very time. The issues of poverty and the drama to alleviate it has been a key issue which governments have attempted to deal with. This attempt has manifested in the various past poverty reduction programmes carried out by the government all aimed at improving the quality of the lives of the populace.The essence of this study is to expose the rate of poverty reduction since its inception of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000. This study will bring forward the various methods or means that the government has embarked on towards the achievement of Poverty reduction especially in Ado-odo ota local government area, Ogun state, Nigeria as a case study, and the impact of millennium development goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria in particular.The importance of this work is to view how poverty reduction can be achieved alongside United Nations Millennium development Goals in Nigeria and the impact of the government towards poverty reduction. And also study at the possibility of the attainment of this goal by 2015 with the use of relevant structures.This study will form a secondary data to other researchers who will research in this area.1.7 Scope of the studyThis study examines Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction with particular reference to Ado-odo local government area in Nigeria will be used as a case study. The period covered for this study will be from 2000-2015. This time duration becomes necessary since Millennium Development Goals was formulated in 2000 and to elapse in 2015. It should be noted that 2015 is just some months away. This study also focuses on the possibility of attaining the Poverty Eradication goal by 2015.Research MethodologyThis segment would discuss the methods to be used in this study. Research methodology can be described as a path through which the objectives of the study can becomes actualizedSource of DataThe study would engage both primary and secondary sources of data. By primary data sour ces, necessitate data and information will be collected extendly through interviews with Academicians and Government officials in different fields of study in Ado-Odo, Ota Local Government Area, Ogun state. Questionnaires will also be administered to a wider range for information to be extracted from the general public.Secondary sources of data refers to the information gathered from already published or unpublished materials such as magazines, journal articles, newspapers, internet and online materials, lecture notes, conference materials, relevant books and other materials relevant to the subject matter. Secondary sources of data will be employed in this study.Population of the StudyThe population to be used for this study would include non-governmental bodies, political actors, academicians, and the society at large. The reason for this population range is not only because of their level of knowledge, but also for their importance as key players in the political system.Sample S izeA total of ascorbic acid questionnaires would be administered during the course of this research. A sum of 5 persons will also be interviewed for vital information to the study.Instrument of data CollectionThe conduct of direct interviews and the use of questionnaires will be designed as research instrument to collect data on how the Millennium Development Goals have helped attainment of Poverty Reduction in Nigeria.Both Quantitative and Qualitative research methods would be applied.Data Analysis TechniqueThe analysis technique used in this study would be Correlation/Regression Analysis. This analysis would be engaged to study the relationship between the variables used in this research work.Outline Of The StudyChapter 1 introduces the topic and the MDGs itself by providing a background to the study. It clarifies the concept of development and how important it is to the nation.It goes on to the statement of problem, the objectives of the study, questions the research seeks to a nswer, methodology of the study, research significance and hypotheses, and the background and limitations of the study.Chapter Two covers the review of literatures relevant to this research and the theoretical framework that best explains the subject matter of this study. This includes the conceptualization of key terms, and the theoretical framework which provides a better grasp of the relationship between the millennium development goals and poverty reduction in NigeriaChapter Three is an overview and assessment of the millennium development goals and poverty reduction in Nigeria. This chapter also examines the causes of Poverty in Nigeria.It moves on to examining the various poverty reduction programmes and policies, the challenges faced in the achievement of these programmes and the current problems of Poverty and hunger in Nigeria.It also outlined the roles of the Nigerian government and the Ogun state Government in attaining poverty reduction in Nigeria it also would examine the various poverty reduction programmes carried out by the Ogun state Government from 1999 to 2015.Chapter Four is the presentation of data, analysis and interpretation. Data gotten from the field work through interviews and questionnaires will be analyzed using secondary data to support the data analysis.Chapter five summarizes the work, makes recommendations and concludes the study.