The second largest clothing retailer

The second largest fit out seller Look Good Pay Less Primark is a retail group which is the second largest clothing retailer in uk and targets young, fashion-conscious under 35s.Primark offers wide quality fashion basics at note value for money prices. Research shows Primark as a leading retailer in value clothing. Primarks offer to the customer is one of high-quality merchandise, at value for money, backed by Primarks service promise. Primark prides itself on its true-blue customer base. Primark stores ltd is an subsidiary of associated British Foods which employs 96.000 employees in 44 countries with spherical sales of 8.2bn.Employing 27.000 people in Great Britain and ranking as GB 2nd largest clothing retailer by volume and voted best value high street fashion. By ITV and GMTV viewers.The successfulness of Primark because it offers super competitive prices with efficient distributions, supply and volume buyingPrimark trades in high quality merchandise at value for money back ed by promise Look Good Pay Less communicates Primarks value based offering. In a precise manner to its core target audience, making half its sales in women make on, quarter sales in menswear and children wear and other items which make the rest of the constituting sales.Competitors of the retailer are HM, Next, Matalan,T K Maxs and George clothing and many more retail outlets on the ground of sales and merchandising its products.Primark competes on product, ethical strategy with there code of conducts promising customers 100% product satisfactions on all grounds including fair trading.The successfulness of Primark has lead to the retailer solution there manufacturing of their products, from over seas. The countries in which it operates include India and Bangladesh, and the selling includes countries such as England, Ireland, Spain and Germany. Primarks current plans include expansion to Portugal were it hopes to have the same success. However Primark has in envy become under th e spotlight for its unethical manufacturing as it has been accused of employing child labour and in resent times for having its merchandise in UK operating swetshops, which have harboured illegal immigrants employed well below the minimum wage. This has effected the reputation of Primark. This can affect the success they achieve in Portugal.The role in which I play with in the organisation will affect my job. As I work with in the headquarters of Primark in the UK, I am a marketing director. Currently working on the expansion to Portugal. I need to face the issues above as they have effected the reputation of Primark. On a global scale as Primark is now seen as corrupt in its market place as they seemed unaware of the hidden workers that manufacture their clothing, and not being seen as fair traders. For my own career was effected by this as I was given ethical training an now being given the task to improve the reputation of Primark and illustrate the changes that are taking place with in the environment of Primark, from both with in the organisation and external.Oscola referencePrimark. about Primark history Available at

Nature conservation: Management plan for Padworth Common

genius conservation Management plan for Padworth CommonNature conservation Management plan for Padworth Common (Dartford Warbler).Over wholly Summary of heed planPolicy rumor and Background PreamblePadworth familiar nature keep back was previously owned by the west Berkshire county council. But in 2005 the land manamgement was acquired by the Buckinghamshire, and Oxford Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) in 2005 (Fort, 2013). The Main overall policy for this land is to promise these identifys continue to flourish both in terms of their signifi natest wildlife interest and for the more than topical anesthetic people who regularly use and enjoy them. This was a statement given by the west Berkshire executive member for the environment Councillor Hilary Cole (Fort, 2013).DescriptionPathworth common is located between Aldermaston and Burghfield Common ab divulge 9 miles outside the city of reading (Jeffery, 2004). The land is currently owned by The West Berkshire County Council, as said b efore it is now managed but BBOWT since 2005 (Jeffery, 2004). The land is 30ha of dissonant wet, run dry and humid lowland heath with small sections of oak timber, there is in addition a few large seasonal ponds and one that is permanently alter (Wallington, 2013). The Boundaries of Padworth common atomic issue 18 to the southwest a privately owned field that and a sand and gravel quarry. And to the north east and the boundaries ar defined by Old warren and Hatch farm. The western boundry is defined the small hamlet of Padworth Common.Management and infrastructureFor the management for a lowland heath area interchangeable padworth common, there needs to be a set of objectives crucial to the infrastructure of the scheme to manage the whole area and the all the individual features in it. The initiatory is a very generalised objective and covers as more of the features benefits in one finishing this is to encourage the restoration and health of lowland heath to take t he ecological value of Padworth heath (Westcombe, n.d.). The new(prenominal) three objectives are more constrained in the features that they benefit. The first is the have grazing at the site to reminder and manage the growth of the heath, This leave behind majorly benefit the ground nesting tinkers dams like the nightjar. The second plan is to have regulations and management for the public and the nightjar world to reduce disturbance, this is principally aimed and nightjars and nesting birds to minimise disturbance and help promote nest production (Westcombe, n.d.). Finally the 3rd management project is the control the spread and removing strands of bracken, this is to reduce competition with the topical anaesthetic heathland plants and improve the biodiversity of the plant life in the area. The legal constraints for this area is that Lowland heathland areas all over Britain are under the aegis of the wildlife and countryside coiffure of 1981 and is notified as SSSI (Westc ombe, n.d.).Compartments or zonesThe area of Padworth common is divided into 3 antithetic zones Open heathland, oak forest and seasonal/permanent pondsOpen heathland are open landscapes commonly dominated by heathers, greenweed and has a few s do itr birch tress spaced in the area. There are 3 different types of heath dependent on their soil moisture content wet heath occur on high water tables, dry heath is abundant in free draining soils. Heath is important for over 5000 inverteb grade that are crucial to the food chain of this ecosystem (Countryside Info, n.d.).Oak woodland is a bountiful leaf woodland highly occupied by English oak, sessile oak or hybrids between the two. The oak woodland is highly established woodland as a resource basis for building and fuel. The oak woodland is also a representation of the climax vegetation in the southwest of Britain where Padworth common is located (North Dervon governing body, n.d.).The seasonal pounds locoweed support a vital ecosyst em for many specialised pond species. This coupled with that a large number of rare species has been link with the seasonal pond which makes these one of the highest management aims of Padworth common (The Ponds Conservation Trust, n.d.).Enviromental informationThe physical aspects of the heath are that it is a mosaic of wet damp and dry habitats. The type of habitat is tack together on poor acidic soils in wet mild climates below 300m of altitude. Th biological features of this site are the many species that the heathland can accomidate from the greyling butterfly to the rare great crested newt (English Nature, 2002). This is due to the many niches available for the puppets to occupy the seasonal pounds are a liberal source of nuitrients and support many rare species. The open heath which is occupied by many ground nesting birds much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the nightjar. The gorse bushes are employ by the Dartford warbler to build nest and protect themselves from predation (English Nature, 2002). Culturally lowland heath has been an important part to human agriculture for thousands of years. The Mesolithic played a great part in the expansion of the lowland heath habitat by cutting down great swathes of the woodland landscape for building temporal and fuels. This mass cutting of woodland had impoverished the soil but this has and a positive effect on heather ground and promotes the growth of lowland heathland (English Nature, 2002). Up until the 20th century heathland has been used in a wide hurtle of agricultural processes such as fodder and fuel (English Nature, 2002). peckDescription of siteThe Padworth common nature reserve is split into two halfs divied by Bowughugrst Road. The heathland is located in the centre of distributively area while the Oakland is defines the boundaries of the nature reserve. The pounds are locates towards the south west corner of the southern half of the reserve.Conformation and evaluation of featuresPathworth has man y features and species that make this a site of National importance. Species such as the nightjar, the Dartford warbler and the Grayling butterflies (Wallington, 2013). Each of these will have a certain factors that can affect the species success and survival such as the lane that passes through the reserve, the seasonal ponds, and the growth of bracken.This plan tensiones on the Dartford warbler and the key features that effect these are gorse coverage and heathland health (RSPB, 2014). The management of this species is desperately mandatory due to the harsh winters that have been occurring recently and that there are only1-2 life pairs in pad worth (Defra, n.d.). for this species to thrive and stabilise and even ontogeny in population size drastic action is needed to preserve this native bird species.The Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata)Factors Effecting the Dartford warblerThere at many factors that affects the spawn success and survival rates of the Dartford warbler. The mai n 2 factors are the amount of gorse in an area, disturbance and Availability of food.Gorse has a huge effect on the Dartford warbler this is due to the warbler uses the gorse as nesting material. This is because the benefits it has as protection from predators by be a heavy dense shrub and makes its hard from predators to access (RSPB, 2012).Disturbance has been shown in recent mull to majorly effect warbler fecundity. A story has shown that if 13-16 people walk through a heathland area within an hour this can seriously disrupt the breeding patterns of birds and will prevent multiple broods of warblers (Murison, et al., 2007).Objectives for the featureThe objectives laid out for this management plan are in priority orderThe main objective for this animal is to maintain the already stable population in the management site of Padworth common.If at all possible our lowly objective is to even increase the number of breeding pairs in Padworth common from 2 breeding pairs to 4.The thi rds and least priority objective is that if we can get successful breeding pairs to Padworth we could then export the juveniles into new(prenominal) areas to increase the number of breeding pairs in other heathland habitats.Current condition of featureThe current condition of the Dartford warbler in Europe is that there are 2,025,546-3,635,791 breeding pairs. 75% of the breeding pairs are thought to be breeding in spain. The population is general stable in Europe (Defra, n.d.). There are certain areas of Spain where the Dartford warbler has been seen in a sustained decline since the 1970s. Fluctuations are not uncommon in this bird (Defra, n.d.).The current condition of the bird inter depicted objectly is show up threatened according to the IUCN red list. (IUCN, 2012)Nationally this bird has been awarded an amber status under the RSPB classification system (RSPB, 2014). The main population of the warbler are in the south and south west of Britain, with a small population in the s outh east of Britain (RSPB, 2014). The last estimated minimum of breeding pairs in the UK is 1,600-1,890 (Defra, n.d.).Monitoring projectsTo monitor the bird populations there are two ways in which this can be doneThe first is to let the public and volunteers are able to monitor the birds this can be accomplished through education and a growing interest in the local bird populations. The main disadvantage to this method is that this may increase disturbance of the birds.Key sites can be pinpointed which can be monitored by the park wardens and wildlife trust employees this will reduce the amount of disturbance to the breeding birds and still achieve rewarding results. The only flaw with this method is if the bird numbers become higher it may be hard to identify all the birds.Management projectsThese are the four management project that will be used to help increase and stabilise the population of the Dartford warbler.Introducing grazing, this is active grazing of ancestry on the he athland areas to stop the overgrowth of a particular plant species.Coppicing, this is the cutting of the old parts of gorse to promote new regrowth promoting healthier and denser shrubs. corner felling, this is done by hand (chainsaw) and the roots dug up to stop the regrowth of the trees. The logs will then be burnt or sold to companies.Bracken removal, this can be done by spraying herbicide on the infected areas thus eradicating of the plant. This is typically done in the summer months due to the plant being at maximum growth.A timetable showing the priority and timescale of projectsJustification of projectThe Justification of these methods is as followsIntroduced grazing, this helps promote and uneven ages (mosaic) of the heathland. This maximises the biodiversity of the area due to many species requiring different ages of bracken to survive. This is warning for the Dartford warbler for its food supply of invertebrates which need the heather for their survival (Hampshire County Council, 2011).Coppicing, this promoted regrowth of the older gorse. Typically the Dartford warbler prefers younger gorse, this is because it is much denser and provide more camouflage and protection of the nest site from predators. Therefore the coppicing of older dead parts of the plant promotes these parts to grow back into thick Bracken which the Dartford warbler needs for nesting (Hampshire County Council, 2011).Tree felling, the felling of trees such as birch helps the regrowth of the open heathland which is advantageous to many species such as the Dartford warbler. The warbler needs these open spaces of heath to be able to catch the invertebrates and play (Hampshire County Council, 2011).Bracken removal, this is crucial in the survival of any woodland. The dense mate cause by this plant will shade out any other plants. So in vast numbers this is very detrimental to the whole heathland ecosystem. With control and management this increases the biodiversity of the area allowing other plant life to thrive (Hampshire County Council, 2011).Works CitedBerkshire Heathland, 1998. Berkshire Heathland Biodiversity Action Plan, s.l. s.n.Countryside Info, n.d. What Is Heathland?. Online Available at http//www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/whatis.htm Accessed 10 3 2014.English Nature, 2002. Lowland Heathland A Cultural And Endangerd Landscape, Peterborough English Nature.Fort, L., 2013. brook Reading. Online Available at http//www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/wildlife-trust-set-run-west-4189279 Accessed 10 3 2014.IUCN, 2012. IUCN redlist (Dartford Warbler). Online Available at http//www.iucnredlist.org/details/22716984/0 Accessed 10 3 2014.Jeffery, O., 2004. Padworth Common Proposed Local Nature Reserve. s.l., s.n.Murison, G. et al., 2007. home ground type determines the effects of disturbance on the breeding productivity of the dartford warbler Sylvia undata. Ibis, Volume 149, pp. 16-26.North Dervon Government, n.d. Oak Woodland. Online Available at http//www.northde von.gov.uk/oak_woodland.pdf Accessed 10 3 2014.RSPB, 2012. RSPB (Gorse). Online Available at http//www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/advice/gorse/index.aspx Accessed 10 3 2014.RSPB, 2014. RSPB (Dartford Warbler). Online Available at http//www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/d/dartfordwarbler/ Accessed 10 3 2014.The Ponds Conservation Trust, n.d. honorable Wilflife Ponds. Online Available at http//www.sussexotters.org/pdf/Good wildlife ponds.pdf Accessed 10 3 2014.Wallington, A., 2013. Natural England. Online Accessed 10 3 2014.Westcombe, n.d. Management Of Environmental Features Specific Options, Prescriptions And Indicators Of Success, s.l. s.n. millennium ontogenesis Goals and mendicancy Reduction NigeriaMillennium phylogeny Goals and scantiness Reduction NigeriaIntroductionBackground to the StudyThis translate attempt to examine the impact of the Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria using with a case study of Ado-Odo Ota, local government area , Ogun state, Nigeria. The issue of meagerness in Nigeria has remained a major threat to the nations social, political and economic development. both nation whether it is developed or less developed country contains elements that are poor. Nigeria has a population of more than 160 million the largest in Africa and a invasive economy. Despite Nigerias plentiful agricultural resources and oil wealth, penury is widespread in the country and has increased since the late 1990s. Some 70 per cent of Nigerians live on less than US$1.25 a daylight. Poverty has become a feature of the alert conditions and life situation of the vast majority of Nigerians. consort to Babatunde et al (2008), Poverty has been experienceed to be a global phenomenon but the level of this dilemma in development countries has gotten to an terroring proportion. Internationally, about 1.2 billion people are living in extreme poverty less than one dollar per day and thusly due to the high predominance of pover ty, reducing it has been of grave concern to many countries in the past few decades. Though, there have been a lot of improvements in the developed military man, such cannot be said of develop ones especially in the Sub-Sahara Africa where poverty is prevalent due to many factors such as corruption, mismanagement of resources, poor programme implementation, poor governance and political instability, poor economic management and lack of purposive leadership.According to Ukpong (1996), (cited in Obadan, 1996) explained that poverty has earned identification in the extent of its ravaging society and the affairs of humanity at the international, national and local levels. The need exists now for urgent actions towards its lessening and control. Therefore, poverty is a snare and it is dehumanizing. In other words, judging from what Ukpong explained poverty to be, it will be ideal if poverty can be eradicated.According to Anyanwu (1997), Poverty has become a major cause of concern to a cademic, analysts, governmental, non-governmental organizations and international agencies. Poverty is multidimensional it includes various alienations and deprivations such as lack of human capabilities, poor life expectancy, poor maternal health, illiteracy, poor nutritional levels, poor access to safe drinking water and perceptions of public assistance However, the (World Bank Report, 1999), has described that issues in Poverty now include physiological and social deprivations, vulnerability, inequality, violation of basic human rights. (Zupi, 2007), also added that the observable disadvantage in relation to the local community or the wider society or nation to which a deprived individual, family, household or group belongs is an issue in poverty.In an attempt to salvage the situation, in September 2000, 189 World leaders millennium summit and committed themselves and their countries to 8 goals known as The Millennium Development goals (MDGs) aimed at meeting the needs of the Wo rlds poorest people. The Millennium Development goals have been regarded as the universal remedy of issues of underdevelopment. These goals were created under the leadership of Ban Ki-Moon (the Secretary prevalent of the unite Nations) through the UN to tackle issues seen to be holding back developing nations. It was adopted by 189 countries and signed by 174 heads of state and government. (UNDP, 2005)Ban Ki-Moon (2009), laid more emphasis on this in his report entitled, A road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. In the words of Ban Ki-Moon,The world leaders set far sighted goals to free a major portion of humanity from the shackles of extreme poverty, hunger, illiteracy and disease. They established targets for achieving gender equality and the say-so of women, environmental stability and a global partnership for development. In short, they adopted a blue print for a emend world and pledged to shipshape no effort in fulfilling that visi on (Ki-Moon, 2009).The MDGs are listed plans by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) committee on how the underdeveloped or developing countries can enhance their level of development in different socio-economic areas.The MDGs areGoal 1- Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerGoal 2- call forth gender equality and empower womenGoal 3- Achieve a Universal primary educationGoal 4- Reduce child mortalityGoal 5-Improve maternal(p) HealthGoal 6-Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseasesGoal 7-Ensure environmental stabilityGoal 8- Develop a global partnershipThe first goal of the United Nations Millennium development Goals is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger with Target 1 being to halve, between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 per day and Target 2 being to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Sachs, 200572)Since, poverty as the number 1 goal of the MDGs shows an alarm in both national and the gl obal world. According to Yinka (2003), the UN Development Programme Human development report scored the Nigerian government low on its efforts to beset poverty and pursue meaningful growth in the human development index. The report states Nigeria is among fifty countries with the lowest human development index and the 54th among 94 other developing countries where human income poverty level remains the highest.Odeyale (2005) explained that in Nigeria, about 36% or 44.3 million of the measure 160 million populations are found in the major cities. The rapid growth of the Nigerians cities is characterized by ever increasing population (due to rural urban migration) over stressed infrastructure (such as flea-bitten roads, frequent power outage, poor water supply), sub-standard living condition (in ghettos, slum and over-crowded houses), high crime rate. Put differently, it can be described that the growth of population in Nigeria is always on the increase and the availability of defa ulted infrastructures and low standard of living which in turn lead to low crime rate. To this end, this study becomes essential so as to access the impact of millennium development goals to poverty reduction in Nigeria.Statement of the Problem Different scholars have argued about the doing of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 particularly in Nigeria. While virtually scholars have argued that it can be achieved before the set target date of 2015, some have argued against the possibility of its doing.The Millennium Development Goals were goals structured and formulated by the United Nations in the year 2000 to help bridge the gap between the worldwide North and the Global South. These goals thus far, were supposed to be of a positive influence to the less developed countries especially in the area of eradicating poverty.However, it has been observed that some of the developing countries are still lagging behind especially in the area of poverty reduction Nigeria has been observed to be a country of plenty nonetheless is still beset with the problem of poverty. What therefore can be said of other underdeveloped countries in Africa?The United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon is of the discover that the Millennium Development Goals embody basic human rights such as the right of each person to health, education, shelter and security. The Goals are ambitious but feasible and jointly with the comprehensive United Nation development agenda set the course for the worlds effort to alleviate poverty by 2015. According to Ban Ki-Moon (2009), the Millennium Development Goals would bring about a change and to a large extent, a real difference in the lives of people. With strong lead and accountability this progress can be expanded in most of the worlds countries by the target date of 2015.However, some scholars are not in agreement to the view of Ki-Moon that the MDGs would bring about a change in the lives of people. According to Deneulin and Shahani (2009) argued that the Millennium Development Goals lack a focus on local participation and empowerment (Excluding women empowerment). The Millennium Development Goals also lack an emphasis on sustainability, making their future after 2015 questionable. Thus, while the MDGs are a tool for tracking progress toward basic poverty reduction and provide a very basic policy road map to achieving these goals, they however do not capture all the elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration.The inability to reach a valid mop up as to the actualization of the Millennium goals by 2015 has resulted to the Millennium development Goals remaining a problem.Therefore the essence of the Millennium Development Goals comes into play in the setting of Nigeria in the sense over 53.6% million Nigerians which is nearly 45% of the total population go to bed hungry every night, around 70% of the total 160 million citizens live below the globally acceptable survival line of $ 1 Dollar which is equivalent to 160naira per day. Also, over 5million of our youths are not employed, therefore Nigeria according to the National Poverty Eradication Programme (2003) is quoted to be among the poorest country in the world.Therefore, this study seeks to examine the progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria, how far the Nigerian government have gone for the realization of these goals, and how the Nigerian Government and the society at large intend on making the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria, a reality by 2015.Research QuestionsThe investigate seeks to answer the following questionsWhat is the impact of Millennium Development Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria?Can it be agreed upon that Extreme Poverty and Hunger in the Nigerian state would minimized by 2015?What can be done for Millennium Development Goals to influence the Poverty reduction in Nigeria?Objectives of the StudyTo examine the impact of Millennium Dev elopment Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria.To evaluate if the extreme poverty and hunger rate in Nigeria can be minimized by 2015.To examine the role of Millennium Development Goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria.Research HypothesesThe Hypothesis to be used for this study would be drawn from the objective of this study. There areH0 Millennium Development Goals has not impacted in poverty in Nigeria.H1 Millennium Development Goals has impacted in poverty in NigeriaH0 The extreme hunger and poverty in the Nigerian state cannot be minimized by 2015.H2. The extreme hunger and poverty in the Nigerian state can be by 2015.H0 Millennium development goals has not influenced Poverty reduction in NigeriaH3 Millennium development goals has influenced Poverty reduction in NigeriaSignificance of the StudyOver the years, this study has been examined by various scholars. The study of the Millennium Development Goals has remained of great importance as it addresses issues on development which Nigeria needs at this very time. The issues of poverty and the drama to alleviate it has been a key issue which governments have attempted to deal with. This attempt has manifested in the various past poverty reduction programmes carried out by the government all aimed at improving the quality of the lives of the populace.The essence of this study is to expose the rate of poverty reduction since its inception of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000. This study will bring forward the various methods or means that the government has embarked on towards the achievement of Poverty reduction especially in Ado-odo ota local government area, Ogun state, Nigeria as a case study, and the impact of millennium development goals in poverty reduction in Nigeria in particular.The importance of this work is to view how poverty reduction can be achieved alongside United Nations Millennium development Goals in Nigeria and the impact of the government towards poverty reduction. And also study at the possibility of the attainment of this goal by 2015 with the use of relevant structures.This study will form a secondary data to other researchers who will research in this area.1.7 Scope of the studyThis study examines Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction with particular reference to Ado-odo local government area in Nigeria will be used as a case study. The period covered for this study will be from 2000-2015. This time duration becomes necessary since Millennium Development Goals was formulated in 2000 and to elapse in 2015. It should be noted that 2015 is just some months away. This study also focuses on the possibility of attaining the Poverty Eradication goal by 2015.Research MethodologyThis segment would discuss the methods to be used in this study. Research methodology can be described as a path through which the objectives of the study can becomes actualizedSource of DataThe study would engage both primary and secondary sources of data. By primary data sour ces, necessitate data and information will be collected extendly through interviews with Academicians and Government officials in different fields of study in Ado-Odo, Ota Local Government Area, Ogun state. Questionnaires will also be administered to a wider range for information to be extracted from the general public.Secondary sources of data refers to the information gathered from already published or unpublished materials such as magazines, journal articles, newspapers, internet and online materials, lecture notes, conference materials, relevant books and other materials relevant to the subject matter. Secondary sources of data will be employed in this study.Population of the StudyThe population to be used for this study would include non-governmental bodies, political actors, academicians, and the society at large. The reason for this population range is not only because of their level of knowledge, but also for their importance as key players in the political system.Sample S izeA total of ascorbic acid questionnaires would be administered during the course of this research. A sum of 5 persons will also be interviewed for vital information to the study.Instrument of data CollectionThe conduct of direct interviews and the use of questionnaires will be designed as research instrument to collect data on how the Millennium Development Goals have helped attainment of Poverty Reduction in Nigeria.Both Quantitative and Qualitative research methods would be applied.Data Analysis TechniqueThe analysis technique used in this study would be Correlation/Regression Analysis. This analysis would be engaged to study the relationship between the variables used in this research work.Outline Of The StudyChapter 1 introduces the topic and the MDGs itself by providing a background to the study. It clarifies the concept of development and how important it is to the nation.It goes on to the statement of problem, the objectives of the study, questions the research seeks to a nswer, methodology of the study, research significance and hypotheses, and the background and limitations of the study.Chapter Two covers the review of literatures relevant to this research and the theoretical framework that best explains the subject matter of this study. This includes the conceptualization of key terms, and the theoretical framework which provides a better grasp of the relationship between the millennium development goals and poverty reduction in NigeriaChapter Three is an overview and assessment of the millennium development goals and poverty reduction in Nigeria. This chapter also examines the causes of Poverty in Nigeria.It moves on to examining the various poverty reduction programmes and policies, the challenges faced in the achievement of these programmes and the current problems of Poverty and hunger in Nigeria.It also outlined the roles of the Nigerian government and the Ogun state Government in attaining poverty reduction in Nigeria it also would examine the various poverty reduction programmes carried out by the Ogun state Government from 1999 to 2015.Chapter Four is the presentation of data, analysis and interpretation. Data gotten from the field work through interviews and questionnaires will be analyzed using secondary data to support the data analysis.Chapter five summarizes the work, makes recommendations and concludes the study.

Applications Of Lanthanides For Medicine

Applications Of Lanthanides For MedicineLanthanides have been used for medicinal applications since the 1980s but the development of technology has led to a demand for new developments.1 Lanthanides, known as r atomic number 18-earth elements, have a wide range of photophysical properties that are amenable to spectroscopic and crystallographic studies.1 This, along with the absence of lanthanides in biological ashess, makes them ideal for studying protein structure and interactions. The chemistry of lanthanides arises from the shielded electrons in the 4f orbitals, located at bottom the outermost filled 5s/5p orbitals2. This shielding means the luminescent f-f transitionsehibited by lanthanides are almost ligand-dependent. condescension their chemical similarities each lanthanide gives its own distinctive colour, luminescence emission spectra and nuclear magnetic properties.2 They are electropositive, very reactive and party favor the Ln3+ oxidation state. It is these properties that make them useful as medicinal agents.1Figure The f block lanthanidesLn3+ ions have similar ionic radii, donor atom preferences and coordination numbers in binding sites as Ca2+ ions which means that to some extent Ln3+ can mimic Ca2+ behaviour.3 For drugs molecules to reach their target they first need to be absorbed across the prison cell membrane a calcium dependent process. Calcium concentrations of mM are needed for efficient drug uptake, but these are rarely achieved under cellular conditions and even when it is the cell is likely to become damaged.3 It has recently been found that Ln3+ can perforate the membrane at concentrations as low as 10-5 M. It is indeed no surprise that co-administration of drugs with Ln3+ has led to an increased intracellular accumulation.3 This property has allowed lanthanides to be used as a co-administer to drugs, as a drug itself and visualise agents.3Medicinal applicationsanti genus Cancer agentsLanthanides have been known to be anti ca ncer agents since the early 1990s primarily through the induction of apoptosis.3 Lanthanides, particularly Tb3+, increase the infux of Ca2+ into cells thus change magnitude the intracellular aims. This increases the endonuclease activity, evanesceing to DNA cleavage and therefore apoptosis.4 The same result is achieved by the inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the molecule responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate ( gang).4,5 The molecule cAMP has an important role in DNA replication and an increase in its levels leads to a corresponding increase in the protein kinase (PKA) levels. This has two effects both of which lead to apoptosis the increase of endonuclease activity and the expression of apoptosis genes.3,5 However, these methods were not selective and influenced healthy tissues as well as cancerous ones.4New developments have targeted this drawback in an attempt to limit the side effects of treatment. Titania nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to target tumours in a non-invasive manner.4 Titania, a wide band gap semiconductor, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) following excitation of valence band electrons to the conductance band upon stimulation.4 These photoelectrochemical reactions can be promoted by x-ray irradiation which allows non-invasive penetration of the human body. Two papers, promulgated by H.Townley et al. and A.Gnach et al., reported the discovery that the interaction of titania-NPs with x-rays can be optimised by using lanthanides as dopants.4,5 Normal cells can tolerate a certain level of exogenous ROS due to a reserve of antioxidants which counteract the ROS activity.3 Cancerous cells have metabolic abnormalities which increase the intracellular ROS levels. This makes them more(prenominal) dependent on the intracellular antioxidant system and vulnerable to exogenous ROS levels.4,5 Lanthanide doped NPs generate higher levels of ROS, due to the lanthanides allowing increased x-ray absorption, than ge neral NPs thus playing on this vulnerability. The increased levels build DNA and mitochondrial damage, causation apoptosis.4,5 NPs have the capability to pull together in tumours as a result of the defective tumour vasculature. This gives them the potential to be selective to cancer cells thus reducing side effects. The NPs can also be coated with moieties for specific targeting and activation further limiting the damage to healthy tissues.5 These properties of the NPs are intensify by lanthanide doping thus giving a new application for lanthanides. The best results have been seen for emailprotected and emailprotectedImagingFigure The traditional contrasting agent with Gd3+ rally to the chelate ligand and the water molecule under observation.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (magnetic resonance imaging) has been vastly improved due to the use of contrasting agents (CA) since 1988.6 These act to improve the contrast in the midst of healthy and pathological tissue by influencing the r elaxation rate of protons of bound water molecules, T2.7 The faster the relaxation rate, the higher the intensity and the sharper the image achieved. quietus rates are increased when the water molecule is close to a paramagnetic centre. Gd3+ has 7 unpaired electrons and is used as contrasting agents in MRI due to its highly paramagnetic centre.6 The traditional contrasting agents used Gd3+ bound to a chelate ligand through eight donor atoms (figure 2). This gives the complex the stability and intemperate binding needed to ensure that Gd3 is not released into the blood.6 However, Gd3+ is unselective and distributes over a wide region of extracellular space. Developments have been made to make the distribution more selective by linking Gd3+ chelates to moieties that cause accumulation in areas of interest.7 However, the increase of the magnetic strength from 64 MHz to the present 125 MHz has led to the slump in the efficiency of Gd3+ based CAs. Therefore developments have had to be made to meet the technological demands.Current commercial contrasting agents are based on Gd-DPTA, Gd-DOTA and their derivatives but utilizing the magnetic and luminescent properties of other lanthanides has allowed the developments of new CA.8 A paper recently published by C.Andolinia et al. described how the near infrared (NIR) luminescence of the lanthanides Dy3+and Yb3+ has been unite with the traditional MRI-CA to create new multimodal imaging agents.6 These complexes act as begin harvesting antenna due to the bifunctional chelators/chromophores present. They surround the reaction centre, in this case the tissues, and displace absorbed energy to the reaction centre.8 It is through this method that more of the incoming radiation is absorbed and the contrast is improved. Optical probes absorb photons from the excitation source within the visible region as well as absorbing the photons caused by biomolecules.6 Therefore the absorption and luminescent emission of optical probes are both in the visible region which leads to a decrease in the limit of detection as well as the depths that the photons can reach. The NIR probes have the advantage that the depth of light penetration is increased due to their excitation wavelengths universe outside of the biological window.6 Evaluation of all of the lanthanides has shown Yb3+ to be the most efficient NIR and MRI bimodal imaging agent.7Osteoporotic treatmentBones are involved in a very precise cycle of the resorption and desorption of the overdress tissue, see figure 3. Osteoporosis is a emaciated disease in which the bone up density is decreased through higher levels of resorption than desorption. It is most commonly treated with biphosphonates which inhibit resorption thus preventing bone degradation.9 However, this class of drugs is poorly lipophilic and thus have a low oral bioavailability. To counteract this, the drug must be administered in high concentrations which causes GI tract problems, low patient tolerability and suspected osteoporotic issues in the jaw.9Figure The continuous cycle of bone degradation and rebuildingIt is well known that lanthanide ions preferentially accumulate within the bone3 where they have an inhibitory effect on osteroclasts (bone degradation) and a stimulatory effect on osteoblasts (bone making). Due to the chemical similarities of Ln3+ and Ca2+ mentioned before, Ln3+ can potentially replace Ca2+ ions within the bone and affect the bone turnover cycle.3 Y.Mawani et al. discovered that heavier lanthanide ions show a 50-70% accumulation in the bones compared to lighter ions which have a 25% accumulation.9 The half spiritedness for a lanthanide ion in the bone is 2.5 years compared to an elimination time from soft tissues, such as the liver, of 15 days. These properties have led to heavier lanthanide ions being used for osteoporotic therapy.9 Furthermore, adjustment of the ligand structure has allowed the improvement of oral availability leading to an i ncreased uptake and reduced side effects. Previous lanthanide complexes were found to be poorly soluble in aqueous phases therefore reducing the absorption across the GI tract.9 This led to small levels of lanthanide ions accumulating in the bones therefore making the treatment inefficient. The development of an orally active drug that can pass through the GI tract has allowed efficient delivery of lanthanides to the bone.ConclusionDespite the initial disregarding of lanthanides due to suspected toxicity they have shown to have excellent properties for use as medicinal agents. The similarity of Ln3+and Ca2+ has allowed lanthanides ions to be used as anti-osteoporotic agents as well as for increasing the permeability of cells to other drugs. New developments have seen lanthanide ions being used as cancer agents, by causing increased levels of ROS, as well as improving the already existing imaging techniques.

How the Rich Benefit from the Poor Essay -- Politics Political

How the Rich Benefit from the Poorthis paper has problems with formattingThe United States is the most developed capitalist economy in the world. The markets within the economy provide profit-motivated companies endless potential in the pursuance of pecuniary accumulation. Throughout the twentieth-century competitive companies have implemented modernize managerial procedures designed to raise profits by reducing unnecessary costs. These cost-saving procedures have had a substantial effect on bon ton and particularly members of the work class. Managers and owners of these competitive and self-motivated companies have consistently worked throughout this century to exploit the most controllable component of the production process the worker. The worker has been forced by the enchant of powerful and affluent business owners to work in conditions hazardous to their well being in addition to preposterously menial compensation. It was the masterful manipulation of society and legislati on through strategic objectives that the low-wage workers were coerced into this position of destitute. The strategies of the affluent fragment of society were conceived for the selfish purpose of monetary gain. The campaigns to augment the business position within the capitalist economy were designed to weaken organized labor, reduce corporate costs, gain legislative control and reduce international competition at the expense of the work class. The owners have gained and continue to gain considerable wealth from these strategies. To understand why the owners of the powerful companies operate in such a selfish manner, we must face at particular fundamentals of both capitalism and corporation strategy. Once these rudiments are understood, we ... ...stadl, and Mark Weller. Dollars and Votes. Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1998. Downs, Alan. Corporate Executions. New York AMACOM, 1995. Foley, Duncan K., Thomas R. Michl. result and Distribution. Cambridge Harvard University P ress, 1999.Industrial Revolution. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. beginning(a) ed. 1999. Zieger, Robert H.. Republicans and Labor 1919-1929. Lexington University of Kentucky Press, 1969. Works ConsultedDemocratic Party. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.Fair Labor Standards Act. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.Porter, Glen. Industrial Revolution. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.Republican Party. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.Strike. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999. Taft-Hartley Act. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1st ed. 1999.

Essay --

Sydney ArmstrongMrs. GodbeyEnglish III CP1 1CD11 March 2014The Power of Power Macbeth is a tragic play which begins by setting up the story of a hero of Scotland. This hero is the main character Macbeth. Fair is foul and foul is honest (Crowther Macbeth 1.1.12). Very early, a reoccurring theme is introduced, as well as the planted idea of cause. Both of which are given to us by the witches, with unknown motives. Nonetheless, the witches darn the eventual downfall of this Scottish hero. Yet how this approach is made is due to the possibility of gaining a higher repose of power. The reason for Macbeths corruption in Shakespeares Macbeth involves the power that power exerts oer an individual who has gained a position of authority. One leading contribution for Macbeths tragedy is the inability to have his power kept in check. According the Berger, a position of authority can directly affect the individuals sense of self, status, and their role in society. This similarly touches thi s individuals sense of not only opposites, but also that of the world surrounding this person (1). A position of power directly impacts those nearly that person. These characters surrounding this power, who are close enough, can also maintain a power check over that person. Yet these characters holding such a position in the play are not able to keep this power in check. Under the influence of unchecked power, Macbeth takes actions that have serious and devastating consequences for other characters in the play.The first character who left Macbeths power unchecked was Banquo. Although, he had no intention of leaving this position without watch, he was reached. After the murder of Banquo, Macbeth takes action against the innocent family of Macduff. ... ... receiving the prophecy is Macbeth approached about his new position. This occurrence had given Macbeth a sense of false hope. He automatically assumed everything from that point on was going to work out for him. The power that t his prophecy wouldve ensured was misinterpreted from the start. This happens solely due to the fact that nothing simply works out for Macbeth. It is all worked out by him instead. From murder, to black magic, Macbeth needed to work to successfully win over his own ideologies for the throne. Only from a single thought, does this entire tragedy evolve. A thought that in the long run results in revealing the true identity of Macbeth. That thought that was originally power (Jarold 298). The reason for Macbeths corruption in Shakespeares Macbeth involves the power that power exerts over an individual who has gained a position of authority.

The marketing mix is a marketing tool. It is a checklist, which focuses

The market mix is a marketing tool. It is a checklist, which focuses attention on the master(prenominal) marketing activities in which a firm of necessity to carry outUNIT 9 MARKETING MIXThe marketing mix is a marketing tool. It is a checklist, whichfocuses attention on the main marketing activities in which a firmneeds to carry out its marketing strategy. It consists of the four Ps( increase, price, advance and place). Product (including range of pack sizes, flavours and colours) Price (pricing strategy and pricing method) Promotion (branding, advertising, packaging and sales promotion) Place (distribution channels and seeking shop distribution)Managers look at these areas and decide what marketing actions need totaken. For effective marketing each area needs to be considered. Theactions taken must work with each other. A sure-fire mix will achievemarketing objectives and customer satisfaction.The most important element of the mix is the product. Good marketingmeans developing products that fit the market. It needs to be designedto meet requirements of the target market, which is probably achievedby extensive market research. The design must keep pace with marketchanges.Once the product has been chosen, the other elements of the mix becomeclearThe price must be suited to the target market and to the image of theproductThe promotion must be through the media that the target market watchor readThe place should be the ...

Explication of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay -- Poems Poet

Explication of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Prufrock begins his Love song with a peculiar(a) quote from Dantes Divine Comedy. It reads If I believed that my answer were to a person who could ever return to the world, this flame would no longer quiver. But because no one and only(a) ever returned from this depth, if what I hear is true, without fear of infamy, I answer you. In the Divine Comedy these lines be spoken by a damned nous who had sought absolution before committing a crime. I think that Eliot chose this quote to show that Prufrock is also looking for absolution, but for what he is unsure.Let us go then, you and I, (1). We are being offered an invitation into Prufrocks world. As you read on you see what Prufrock sees and how he perceives it. Take for example, line 3, where he says Like a patient etherized upon a table. On the line before he is describing the evening sky. Prufrock is feeling oppressed by the night sky, or maybe the world in genera l. The intelligence service etherized makes me think he feels helpless. Then you pass by cheap hotels, and restaurants with sawdust floors. Prufrock seems to be getting annoyed when he says, Streets that follow like a tedious object/ Of insidious intent (8-9). Will these streets never end? Is it their goal to annoy me? Are questions I can imagine him asking himself. Then the whimsy kicks in. Do these streets lead to one overwhelming question? Oh, do not ask, What is it? (11) Prufrock seems to be pleading. Whatever you do, dont ask me that question. There is no choice, whatever the destination, we mustiness accompany him and we must make our vi nonplus.In the room the women come and go/ Talking of Michelangelo (13-14). We have arrived at o... ...t a bit obtuse/At times, indeed, almost ridiculous-/ Almost, at times, the Fool (112-119)Prufrock is describing himself as he sees himself. Honestly, and without glory. That is who HE is. In the next two lines we see his wear iness with his current lifestyle. He just wants to sit back and relax. Not worry about what everyone else thinks. He has seen social bells sing to each other, but not to him. He has seen them come and go and grow rare in style. That is not what he wants.We have lingered in the chambers of the sea/ By sea-girls wreathed in seaweed red and brown,/ Till human voices wake us, and we drown (129-131). We spirited in the delusional social world. Surrounded by beauties of all kinds. Eventually, the beauty fades and we realize what is important in life, but usually by then we are drowning or dying and dont have the time to enjoy it.